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National Geographic Project Upload Raw Data From 23ndme

Denizen scientific discipline project

Not to be confused with the computer graphics business Genigraphics.

The Genographic Projection, launched on xiii April 2005 by the National Geographic Society, was a genetic anthropological study (sales discontinued 31 May 2019) that aimed to map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing Deoxyribonucleic acid samples.[1] The final stage of the project was Geno two.0 Next Generation.[2] Upon retirement of the site, ane,006,542 participants in over 140 countries had joined the project.

Project history [edit]

Phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups

Ancestry [edit]

Created and led by project director Spencer Wells in 2005, The Genographic Project was a privately funded, not-for-profit collaboration between the National Geographic Society and the Waitt Foundation.[3] Field researchers at 11 regional centers around the world began by collecting Deoxyribonucleic acid samples from indigenous populations. Since the fall of 2015, the Project was led past Miguel Vilar.

In fall 2012, the Genographic Project announced the completion of a new genotyping array, dedicated to genetic anthropology, called GenoChip. GenoChip is specifically designed for anthropological testing and includes SNPs from autosomal Dna, X-chromosome Dna, Y-chromosome Dna and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The design of the new fleck was a collaborative effort between Wells of National Geographic, Eran Elhaik of Johns Hopkins, Family unit Tree DNA, and Illumina.[four]

In the fall of 2015, a new chip was designed every bit a joint effort between Vilar, Genographic Lead Scientist, and Family Tree DNA.

In the bound of 2019, it was announced the Geno project had ended but results would remain available online until 2020. In July 2020 the site was retired.

Geno 2.0 [edit]

The autosomal admixture assay developed past Wells and Elhaik classifies individuals by assessing their proportions of genomic beginnings related to nine ancestral regions: East Asian, Mediterranean, Southern African, Southwest Asian, Oceanian, Southeast Asian, Northern European, Sub-Saharan African and Native American.[5]

Population Mediterranean Northern European Southwest Asian Sub-Saharan African Southern African Due east Asian Southeast Asian Native American Oceanian Total
Altaian 2 17 22 53 iv 98
Amerindian 4 5 iii 4 83 99
Bermudian 15 20 7 48 3 7 4 100
British 33 50 17 100
Bulgarian 47 31 20 ii 100
Chinese 72 28 100
Danish 30 53 16 99
Dominican 29 11 1 47 1 i 1 4 95
Eastern Indian 2 2 43 50 2 99
Egyptian 65 18 14 97
Finnish 17 57 17 vii 98
Georgian 61 7 31 99
German 36 46 17 99
Greek 54 28 17 99
Iberian 48 37 thirteen 98
Iranian 42 8 42 five 97
Japanese 75 25 100
Khoisan 47 52 99
Kinh 57 43 100
Kuwaiti 57 iv 27 8 ii 98
Lebanese 66 five 26 2 99
Luhya ii 89 8 99
Malagasy two 57 4 fifteen twenty 98
Mexican 28 20 8 4 2 36 98
Mongolian 6 12 67 ix four 98
Northern Caucasian 46 16 33 4 99
Northern Indian 6 v 34 26 27 98
Oceanian 12 88 100
Papuan v 4 91 100
Highland Peruvian 2 ii 95 99
Peruvians 15 x 3 ii 68 98
Puerto Rican 31 21 9 25 ii 11 99
Romanaian 43 36 nineteen 2 100
Russians 25 51 eighteen four 98
Sardinian 67 24 8 99
Southern Indian 4 2 58 35 99
Tajikistan 22 22 44 10 98
Tatar 21 twoscore 21 16 98
Tunisian 62 vi ten xix 2 99
Tuscan 54 28 17 99
Vanuatu 4 fifteen 78 97
Western Indian 9 vi 58 26 99
Yoruba people 97 3 100

Geno two.0 Adjacent Generation [edit]

In 2016, the projection began utilizing cutting-edge[two] Helix DNA sequencing for Geno 2.0 Next Generation,[2] [6] the electric current phase of the Genographic Project. Equally compared to earlier phases which used nine regional affiliations, Geno two.0 Next Generation analyzes modernistic-day ethnic populations around the world using either eighteen or 22 regional affiliations.[7] Utilizing a Dna-collection kit, Helix acquires a saliva sample from a participant, which is then analyzed for genomic identifiers that offering unprecedented[two] insight into the person's genetic origins.[2] The data is then uploaded to the Genographic Project Dna database.[2]

Volunteer participation [edit]

Genographic Project public participation

From 2005 to 2019 Genographic engaged volunteers (in fieldwork and providing Dna samples) and citizen science projects. During this time the National Geographic Guild sold non-profit self-testing kits to members of the general public who wished to participate in the project as "citizen scientists". Such outreach for public participation in research has been encouraged past organizations such every bit International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG), which is seeking to promote benefits from scientific research.[8] [nine] [ten] This includes supporting, organization and dissemination of personal DNA (genetic) testing.

The ISOGG supports citizen participation in genetic enquiry,[11] and believes such volunteers have provided valuable information and research to the professional scientific community.[12]

In a 2013 speech to the Southern California Genealogical Guild, Spencer Wells discussed its encouragement of citizen scientists:

Since 2005, the Genographic Projection has used the latest genetic technology to expand our knowledge of the human being story, and its pioneering use of DNA testing to engage and involve the public in the inquiry effort has helped to create a new breed of "citizen scientist." Geno 2.0 expands the scope for citizen science, harnessing the ability of the crowd to observe new details of human population history.[13]

Criticism [edit]

Shortly after the announcement of the projection in Apr 2005, the Indigenous Peoples Quango on Biocolonialism (IPCB) noted its connections to controversial problems (such equally business amidst some tribes that the results of genetic human migration studies might indicate that Native Americans are non indigenous to North America). The IPCB recommended against indigenous people participating.[14]

In May 2006, the project came to the attention of the United nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Problems (UNPFII). UNPFII conducted investigations into the objectives of the Genographic Project, and recommended that National Geographic and other sponsors suspend the project.[15] Concerns were that the knowledge gleaned from the enquiry could clash with long-held beliefs of indigenous peoples and threaten their cultures. There were also concerns that indigenous claims to land rights and other resources could be threatened.[xvi]

As of December 2006[update], some federally recognized tribes in the U.s.a. declined to take role in the study including Maurice Foxx, chairman of the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs and a member of the Mashpee Wampanoag.[15]

Not all Indigenous peoples agree with his position; as of Dec 2012[update], more than 70,000 indigenous participants from the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania had joined the projection.[vii]

Come across also [edit]

  • Genealogical Deoxyribonucleic acid test – DNA-based exam
  • Genetic multifariousness – Total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species
  • Human genetic variation – Genetic diversity in human populations
  • Human genetics – Study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings
  • Human being migration – Movement of people for resettlement
  • Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
  • Homo Y-chromosome Dna haplogroups
  • Mitochondrial Eve – Most recent mutual matrilineal ancestor of all humans
  • Personal Genomics
  • Y-chromosomal Adam – Near recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all currently living men are descended patrilineally
  • Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the earth

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Archived re-create". Archived from the original on sixteen May 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2015. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f Geno two.0 Next Generation National Geographic. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  3. ^ "Ocean Protection Funding | Waitt Foundation". Waitt Foundation. La Jolla, California. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  4. ^ The GenoChip: A New Tool for Genetic Anthropology Oxford Journals. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  5. ^ Who Am I: Regions Overview
  6. ^ Helix Dna Sequencing and Geno 2.0 Helix. 26 January 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  7. ^ a b Next Generation Reference Populations National Geographic. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  8. ^ Bonney, R. and LaBranche, M. (2004). "Citizen Science: Involving the Public in Enquiry," ASTC Dimensions, May/June 2004, p. 13.
  9. ^ Baretto, C., Fastovsky, D. and Sheehan, P. (2003). "A Model for Integrating the Public into Scientific Inquiry," Journal of Geoscience Didactics, 50 (ane). pp. 71–75.
  10. ^ McCaffrey, R.E. (2005). "Using Citizen Science in Urban Bird Studies," Urban Habitats, three (1). pp. seventy–86.
  11. ^ King, Turi East.; Jobling, Marking A. (2009). "What's in a proper noun? Y chromosomes, surnames and the genetic genealogy revolution". Trends in Genetics. 25 (8): 351–60. doi:ten.1016/j.tig.2009.06.003. hdl:2381/8106. PMID 19665817. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (www.isogg.org) advocates the employ of genetics as a tool for genealogical research, and provides a support network for genetic genealogists. It hosts the ISOGG Y-haplogroup tree, which has the virtue of existence regularly updated.
  12. ^ Mendex, etc. al., Fernando (28 February 2013). "An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree". The American Order of Human being Genetics. pp. 454–459. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  13. ^ Wells, Spencer (2013). "The Genographic Project and the Rise of Citizen Science". Southern California Genealogical Society (SCGS). Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  14. ^ Harry, Debra and Le'a Malia Kanehe. "Genetic Inquiry: Collecting Blood to Preserve Civilization?" Cultural Survival, 29.4 (Winter 2005). Accessed 4 Feb 2014.
  15. ^ a b Harmon, Amy (10 December 2006). "Dna Gatherers Hit Snag: Tribes Don't Trust Them". The New York Times.
  16. ^ "Un Recommends Halt to Genographic Project". ipcb.

External links [edit]

Official sites

  • Genographic Projection official site at National Geographic
  • Arizona Research Laboratories (ARL)
  • Waitt Family unit Foundation

News articles

  • "Finding the roots of modern humans". CNN. fourteen April 2005.
  • "'Genographic Projection' aims to tell usa where nosotros came from". U.s. Today. 17 April 2005.
  • "Indigenous Peoples Oppose National Geographic", Ethnic Peoples Council on Biocolonialism, 13 April 2005.
  • "Tracking the Truth", DB2 Magazine (IBM), information about IBM's office in the project. Dec 2006.
  • Genographic Success Stories
  • "Crusaders left genetic legacy". BBC News. 27 March 2008.
  • "Human Line 'Near carve up in Ii'". BBC News. 24 Apr 2008.

Videos

  • Spencer Wells: Building a family tree for all humanity on YouTube, on TED, 29 August 2008.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genographic_Project